This article will introduce one of the most important metal manufacturing processesin today's world: powder metallurgy. We will learn a little about the basics ofpowder metallurgy techniques, how they work, and some of the technique's majorbenefits. Hopefully, the end result will be a better understanding of howsintering and other metallurgy solutions can help you achieve your industrialgoals.
Powder metallurgy is a technique used across the world to process metallicpowders into useful materials. Thanks to itsextreme versatility, powder metallurgy is becoming ever more popular across allglobal markets.
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At its simplest, the technique involves using specially formulated powders,which are compressed and subsequently sintered in vacuum furnaces. This causes the powders to chemically bond, producing alloys which canhave a wide range of properties, depending on the industrial task involved.Recent years have seen powder metallurgy experience a surge in popularity,relative to alternative metallurgical techniques such as die casting.Thereasons are simple: powder metallurgy allows users to create high-qualitycomponents, while near-net-shape dimensional control provides a high degree ofcontrol over the manufacturing process, facilitating the production of complex shapes.
Now let's expand things a little, by introducing some of the main types ofpowder metallurgy. There are three major variants of powder metallurgy, and eachhas their own specific applications. These techniques are as follows:
Additive manufacturing is also less suitable for mass production, but is highlysuited to bespoke metallurgy, so is regularly used by artists and engineersworking on one-off projects, where costs are less important than quality. Bycontrast, standard powder metallurgy can be integrated into mass productionsystems relatively cheaply.
It's also important to note that both of these processes don't use metal powdersalone. One of the great strengths of powder metallurgy is the way that othermaterials can be incorporated into the process. These include advanced compositeand ceramic materials.
Now that we know about the most important types of PM, let's look in moregeneral terms at what this technique has to offer. When we look at PM in more detail, we see that it has many advantages over thesetechniques. Most importantly, powder metallurgy ensures a high level ofprecision. Alloy powders are compacted in a die into the correct shape, thensintered in precisely calibrated furnaces, where they chemically bond. Thisresults in a high degree of uniformity in the shapes produced, and in many casesvery little machining is needed after that point.In fact, there are some shapes which can only be reliably manufactured usingpowder-based metalworking techniques. These could include radial projections,parts with unusual curvature, or eccentric elements. Generally speaking, if ametal part requires irregular notches, slots or curves, it will be easier to usepowder metallurgy to achieve the desired shape than by using standard machiningtechniques.
PM users are therefore able to expand the range of shapes they are able toprocess. But there are other ways that this technique makes it easier tocustomise metalworking processes. By using powder metallurgy, technicians cancontrol properties like porosity and tailor densities, strength and heatresistance. At the same time, the process is highly repeatable, while generatingminimal amounts of waste. So it's easy to see why PM is being embracedworldwide.
Now let's try to offer some advice to companies who are considering whether toimplement a powder metallurgy-based manufacturing solution. Despite thequalities we noted above, it's still true that not all metal formation tasks areappropriate for PM, and choosing the correct type of PM is also critical. Itmight help to think about a few criteria to consider while you make yourdecision.
So, when you assess the right technique for your next metal productionchallenge, it's a good idea to bring powder metallurgy into the equation. Withits cost effectiveness, low waste levels and precision, it would be anappropriate solution for numerous industrial organisations.
If you need to create precision-engineered components with high strength,corrosion resistance and heat tolerance, and you want to minimise the need formachining and waste, powder metallurgy could be the right solution.
While additive manufacturing is the most specific, tailored approach available,conventional powder metallurgy (or vacuum sintering) continues to offer a viableand cost effective production option. So think about which method works best foryour unique needs.
However, there are times when secondary operations in powder metallurgy can unlock added benefits. They can help seal pores, prevent corrosion, control component size, and a whole lot more.
Traditional secondary operations, while occasionally subtractive in nature, can add great detail to a component. Common secondary processes in powder metallurgy include, but are not limited to:
You can also add powder metallurgy secondary processes to the basic structure to enhance performance. There are even some features you can add with powder metallurgy that are impossible with other manufacturing processes. Again, these processes include but are not limited to:
The book presents the fundamentals and the role of powder metallurgy in contemporary technologies and the state of the art of classical powder metallurgy technologies and a general description of new variants and special and hybrid technologies used in powder metallurgy. The next part includes over a dozen case studies provided in the following chapters, comprehensively describing authors' accomplishments of numerous teams from different countries across the world in advanced research areas relating to powder metallurgy and to special and hybrid technologies. The detailed information, largely deriving from own and original research and R and D works pursued by the authors, will be beneficial for the readers to develop their knowledge and harmonise specific information concerning these topics and will convince the manufacturers about the advantages of using the powder metallurgy technology in many branches of industry.
Engelhard-CLAL, one of Europe's leading jewellery production specialists, has developed a new process using powder metallurgy technology for making gold, silver and platinum wedding rings. It is currently patenting the proprietary technique, which offers the possibility of high volume production of rings to a more consistent quality.
About The Book Powder Metallurgy Book Summary:The textbook introduces the students to the science and technology of powder metallurgy including the treatment of ceramic powders and powders of some intermetallic compounds.With improved organization and enriched contents, the book explores a thorough coverage of various aspects of powder metallurgy involving raw materials, various methods of production of metallic powders and non-metallic powders, their characteristics, technological aspects of compacting and sintering, various applications of powder metallurgy technology using different techniques as well as most of the recent developments in powder metallurgy. With all the latest information incorporated and several key pedagogical attributes included, this textbook is an invaluable learning tool for the undergraduate students of metallurgical and materials engineering for a one semester course on powder metallurgy. It also caters to the students of mechanical engineering, automobile engineering, aerospace engineering, industrial and production engineering for their courses in manufacturing technology, processes and practices. HIGHLIGHTS OF SECOND EDITION Sections exploring the grinding in mills, disintegration of liquid metals and alloys, some more methods for theproduction of iron powder by reduction of oxides, metallothermic reduction of oxides, etc. have been included.Sections on mechanical comminution of solid materials, structural P/M parts, etc. have been modified highlighting an up to date version.Several types of questions have been incorporated in the additional questions given at the end of book to guide the students from examination and practice point of view.AUDIENCEFor Undergraduate students of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering for a one semester course on powder metallurgy.Mechanical Engineering, Automobile Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Industrial and Production Engineering for their courses in manufacturing technology, processes and practices.
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